D. Batbayar, Sh. Palamdorj
KEYWORDS: National security, legal environment, Mongolia, security policy, cyber security, human rights, international cooperation
ABSTRACT:
This article examines the current legal environment for ensuring national security in Mongolia and evaluates its capacity to address contemporary security challenges. While Mongolia has established a fundamental legal framework through the Constitution, the National Security Concept (2010), and related sectoral legislation, gaps remain in terms of coherence, implementation, and adaptability to emerging risks. The study highlights key shortcomings, including weak inter-sectoral coordination, insufficient mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement, and limited legal responses to new types of threats such as cyberattacks, climate change, and energy security. Furthermore, balancing national security with the protection of human rights remains a pressing issue within the legal system. Comparative perspectives from international practices, including the United States, Japan, and the United Nations, suggest that Mongolia needs to strengthen institutional accountability, improve the consistency of legal frameworks, and adopt more flexible, forward-looking legal instruments. The article concludes that sustainable national security requires a dynamic legal environment that not only safeguards sovereignty and stability but also aligns with human rights and international cooperation.